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西安寒假托福培训班报名,托福阅读句子插入题解题策略

  • 发布时间:2016-11-10 12:17:40
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         托福阅读句子插入题的解题策略

         托福阅读中的句子插入题(Insert Text Questions)的考查形式如下:题目给出一个句子(以下简称“插入句”),要求考生判断该句子应插入文章的哪个位置最合适,题目会提供四个位置(用“ ”标出,以下为行文方便,例句全部使用A、B、C、D来代替黑方块)供考生选择。该题型在托福阅读中考查的数量不多,不是每一篇阅读理解文章都会有这类题目,一篇阅读理解文章最多只会出现一道句子插入题,且都出现在倒数第二道题中。该题型的难度较大,考生要理解句子的意思以及句子之间的逻辑关系才能正确地答题。 

      一般来说,该题目所给的插入句可以为考生提供解题的线索。解题的线索分为两类:一类是插入句含有明确的指代关系;另一类是插入句含有明确的逻辑关系。下面笔者就分别从这两方面来讲述句子插入题的解题策略。 

      插入句含有明确的指代关系 

      插入句中如果出现代词(如they、this、that、these、such等),表明该插入句含有明确的指代关系,考生可以根据这一指代关系来判断插入句该插入文章的哪个位置。根据一般文章的行文习惯,如果插入句含有代词,那么在原文中,插入句前面的句子应该会出现代词所指代的相关名词。因此,考生依次查看题目提供的四个位置时,可根据位置前出现的名词来推测插入句中的代词指代的是什么,然后根据这样的推测来判断插入句放在假设的位置时,插入句与上下文在意思与逻辑上是否相符。下面笔者列举两个例子来加以说明。 

      例1 Scholars offer three related but different opinions about this puzzle. A One opinion is that the paintings were a record of the seasonal migration made by herds. B Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. C Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden location, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies. D 

      Where would the sentence best fit? 

      All three of them have strengths and weaknesses, but none adequately answers all of the questions the paintings present. (摘自《新托福考试指南第四版》P49) 

      解析:此题给出的插入句里含有all three of them这个含有指代关系的词组,考生据此可以判断该插入句的上文(前面的句子)应该出现过某个复数名词。有此预判后,考生可以假设插入句放在A处,那么all three of them指代的便是前面句子出现的复数名词opinions。然后考生再判断插入句放在A处时,其与上下文句子的意思和逻辑衔接是否连贯。A处前面的句子的含义是“关于这个谜团,学者们提供了三个相关但不同的看法”,而插入句的意思是“这三个看法都有优点和缺点,但是没有一个看法可以充分解释这些画存在的所有问题”,插入句正好承接前面那一句,继续评论三种看法。由此考生能够判断插入句放置于A处时,可以与前面的句子意思连贯起来,逻辑关系也很通顺,因此此题的插入句放在A处最合适。 

      例2 The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. A Spices were the most sought-after commodities. B Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. C But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. D 

      Where would the sentence best fit? 

      They were highly valued for a couple of reasons. (摘自TPO 17 “Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia”) 

      解析:本题的插入句中出现了代词they,其指代的肯定是复数名词。考生回原文依次判断A、B、C、D四个位置,如果该插入句放在A处,其指代的应该是前面一句出现的复数名词profits,此时插入句的意思是“利润因为一些原因而受到重视”,那么后文应该对此有进一步介绍,然而A处后面的第一句话却是介绍spices (香料),开启了另一个话题,因此插入句放在A处无法与后面的句子衔接。如果将插入句放在B处,则they指代前一句的复数名词spices,那么插入句的意思就是“香料因为一些原因而受到高度重视”。B处后面一句话的意思是“香料不仅很大程度上提升了欧洲人的饮食味道,而且还用于制作香水和某些药材”,这不就是在进一步解释香料受到高度重视的原因吗?因此,此处插入句应该插在B处。   插入句含有明确的逻辑关系 

      如果插入句含有明确的逻辑关系词,可以利用插入句所含的逻辑关系来判断插入句最适合插入的位置。插入句常出现的逻辑关系词包括以下几类:1转折关系词,比如but、however、yet、even though等; 2因果关系词,比如because、due to、so、consequently等;3 递进关系词,比如also、in fact、even、furthermore等。如果插入句中有如上这些逻辑关系词的话,考生就可以利用它们作为线索,阅读题目提供的位置前后的句子,判断插入句插入后,其是否与位置前后的句子逻辑关系相符。下面笔者列举两例予以说明。 

      例3 A Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. B Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills.C In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. D They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac (囊) that helps most other fish remain buoyant. 

      Where would the sentence best fit? 

      Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water. (摘自《新托福考试指南第四版》P117) 

      解析:插入句的consequently的意思是“结果”,据此考生可以初步判断插入句与前面的句子之间是因果关系,且前面的句子表示原因。由此考生可以先排除A处。插入句的意思是“结果,金枪鱼不需要吸水”,B处前面的句子意思是“因为金枪鱼一直在游动,它们必须张着嘴使水流经它们的腮”,而B处后面句子的意思是“因此它们大部分的肌肉已经退化了,而其他鱼利用这样的肌肉来吸水和从腮里排水”。也就是说,B处前面的句子解释了“金枪鱼不需要吸水”的原因,因此插入句应放在B处。 

      例4 A Ecologists are especially interested in knowing what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communites (群落) all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. B The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. C We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. D 

      Where would the sentence best fit? 

      In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than by natural events and processes. (摘自《新托福考试指南第四版》P474) 

      解析:本题插入句的逻辑提示词是in fact,句意是“事实上,人类对于环境的破坏通常远比自然事件和过程带来的破坏更严重”,带有递进的含义,由此考生可以推断出该插入句前面应该谈到人类对环境的破坏。考生回到原文,发现B处前面的一句谈到了human activities对于环境的破坏,而B处后面的一句举了一个Mount St. Helens火山爆发的例子,例子的大意是“与人类对Mount St. Helens的破坏相比,火山爆发给它带来的破坏就显得微不足道了”,这进一步证明了插入句的观点――人类对环境的破坏大于自然事件带来的危害,由此考生可以判断出插入句放在B处最合适。

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